{
 "meta": {
  "country": "Belgique",
  "last_year": 2024,
  "total_growth": 52.0,
  "note": "Séries longues Banque mondiale (PIB, CO₂), Eurostat (revenu, pauvreté, pensions, protection sociale, chômage, salaire min., espérance de vie) et OCDE. Montants monétaires en euros réels (déflatés HICP) sauf indication ; RIS via modèle OCDE TaxBEN.",
  "source": "Banque mondiale · Eurostat · OCDE"
 },
 "total_growth": 52.0,
 "summary": {
  "n": 14,
  "up": 12,
  "down": 0,
  "flat": 2
 },
 "series": [
  {
   "key": "gdp_pc",
   "label": "PIB par habitant (réel)",
   "unit": "USD 2015",
   "good": 1,
   "real": true,
   "note": "Corrigé de l'inflation (USD constants, Banque mondiale).",
   "source": "World Bank NY.GDP.PCAP.KD",
   "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1990,
     "v": 29609.6207516724
    },
    {
     "y": 1991,
     "v": 30040.5508404095
    },
    {
     "y": 1992,
     "v": 30376.8745342462
    },
    {
     "y": 1993,
     "v": 29967.3944241601
    },
    {
     "y": 1994,
     "v": 30839.2414336465
    },
    {
     "y": 1995,
     "v": 31508.622663522
    },
    {
     "y": 1996,
     "v": 31862.6693868132
    },
    {
     "y": 1997,
     "v": 32991.5010116146
    },
    {
     "y": 1998,
     "v": 33566.9875919507
    },
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 34676.6051555263
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 35878.3153586195
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 36148.2880924306
    },
    {
     "y": 2002,
     "v": 36600.862592332
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 36826.2699296094
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 37976.6972967442
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 38645.2605193362
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 39371.0858277448
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 40520.0843207009
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 40380.9075004042
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 39293.637546825
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 39991.5646206286
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 40236.9596308558
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 40074.492800399
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 40007.8997891411
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 40533.9135027898
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 40893.804537772
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 41172.8862831209
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 41619.328629169
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 42208.3625650272
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 43006.4042308863
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 40769.0218072962
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 43140.9676652971
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 44516.002160801
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 44828.2274521244
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 45019.6989654607
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "alloc_chomage_net_reel",
   "label": "Allocation de chômage nette (réelle, isolé, début de droit)",
   "unit": "€ réels/mois",
   "good": 1,
   "real": true,
   "note": "Montant NET mensuel de l'allocation de chômage en DÉBUT de droit (2e mois), personne isolée, salaire antérieur = salaire moyen (quasi identique au profil « salaire modeste » : plafond salarial belge). Montant MODÉLISÉ par l'OCDE selon la législation de chaque année, en € constants 2025. Réserves : possible rupture de modèle OCDE 2018→2019 ; recul depuis le pic de 2019 ; la dégressivité belge réduit nettement l'allocation après 12-24 mois de chômage.",
   "source": "OCDE TaxBEN (taux de remplacement net, isolé, 2e mois) × OCDE Taxing Wages (revenu net), déflaté HICP Eurostat — montant modélisé",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/tax-benefit-web-calculator.html",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 1610.7
    },
    {
     "y": 2002,
     "v": 1710.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 1720
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 1684.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 1685.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 1664.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 1702.9
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 1673.7
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 1922.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 1890.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 1907.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 1914.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 1974.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 1977.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 1978.1
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 1927.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 1930.9
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 1923.1
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 2182.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 2102.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 2040.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 1807.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 1967.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 1943.1
    },
    {
     "y": 2025,
     "v": 1915.9
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "median_income_real",
   "label": "Revenu médian réel des ménages",
   "unit": "€ réels",
   "good": 1,
   "real": true,
   "note": "REAL: computed by me = nominal median (EUR) / (HICP/100), constant 2015 prices. Source nominal is PPS-current-free EUR (national), NOT PPS. Caveats: (1) survey-year label vs income reference period - SILC income typically refers to the calendar year before the survey year, but I deflated with same-year HICP (minor timing offset); (2) breaks (b) at 2003 (ECHP->SILC) and 2019 (SILC revision); 1995 dropped (no 1996-base HICP for 1995); 2002 missing. Real median rose ~+15% 1996->2025 but note the 2022 inflation-shock dip. n=29.",
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_di03 (MED_EI, EUR, nominal) deflated by Eurostat HICP prc_hicp_aind (CP00, INX_A_AVG, 2015=100)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_di03",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1996,
     "v": 20022
    },
    {
     "y": 1997,
     "v": 19694
    },
    {
     "y": 1998,
     "v": 19433
    },
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 19452
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 19715
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 20177
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 19609
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 19439
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 20057
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 20346
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 20395
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 19983
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 21461
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 21137
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 21021
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 20762
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 21722
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 21840
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 21654
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 21907
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 21852
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 22253
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 22877
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 23822
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 23218
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 22175
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 23016
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 23149
    },
    {
     "y": 2025,
     "v": 23101
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "pension_oldage_exp_real",
   "label": "Dépense de pensions vieillesse (réelle, /hab)",
   "unit": "€ réels/hab",
   "good": 1,
   "real": true,
   "note": "REAL (constant 2015 prices, source-provided deflation). IMPORTANT: this is old-age pension EXPENDITURE per INHABITANT (whole population), a proxy for aggregate pension generosity - NOT the average pension per beneficiary (Eurostat spr_exp_pens has no per-beneficiary unit; per-beneficiary would require dividing by ilc/spr beneficiary counts, not done here). Rises steadily +68% 1995->2023, partly reflecting population ageing (more beneficiaries) as well as benefit levels. n=29 (1995-2023); 2024 not yet available.",
   "source": "Eurostat spr_exp_pens (ESSPROS; spdepb OLD, spdepm TOTAL, unit EUR_HAB_KP15)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/spr_exp_pens",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1995,
     "v": 2190.05
    },
    {
     "y": 1996,
     "v": 2273.3
    },
    {
     "y": 1997,
     "v": 2302.49
    },
    {
     "y": 1998,
     "v": 2339.67
    },
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 2376.17
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 2363.88
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 2398.93
    },
    {
     "y": 2002,
     "v": 2461.17
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 2490.02
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 2542.05
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 2569.09
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 2598.65
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 2565.53
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 2692.67
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 2829.27
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 2863.68
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 2924.84
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 2882.11
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 2983.63
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 3068.75
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 3215.98
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 3206.64
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 3298.64
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 3367.71
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 3438.01
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 3577.45
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 3545.68
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 3564.07
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 3669.3
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "socprot_total_exp_real",
   "label": "Prestations sociales totales (réelles/hab)",
   "unit": "€ réels/hab",
   "good": 1,
   "real": true,
   "note": "REAL (constant 2015 prices, source-provided). All social protection benefits (pensions, health, family, unemployment, disability, etc.) per inhabitant. +47% 1995->2024, with 2009 (GFC) and 2020 (COVID) spikes. 2024 estimated (e). n=30.",
   "source": "Eurostat spr_exp_func (ESSPROS; spfunc TOTAL, unit EUR_HAB_KP15)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/spr_exp_func",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1995,
     "v": 7748.6
    },
    {
     "y": 1996,
     "v": 7948.05
    },
    {
     "y": 1997,
     "v": 7903.02
    },
    {
     "y": 1998,
     "v": 7991.33
    },
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 8135.37
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 8092.79
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 8285.31
    },
    {
     "y": 2002,
     "v": 8650.43
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 8969.25
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 9187.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 9220.54
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 9224.76
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 9272.05
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 9577.39
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 10155.25
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 10117.31
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 10215.73
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 10114.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 10282.81
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 10409.74
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 10560.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 10363.25
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 10287.13
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 10383.13
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 10578.71
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 11433.88
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 11189.49
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 10700.06
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 10878.63
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 11363.51
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "pension_replacement_ratio",
   "label": "Taux de remplacement des pensions",
   "unit": "ratio",
   "good": 1,
   "real": false,
   "note": "Dimensionless ratio; real not applicable. Only available from 2010 (n=16). Break flag (b) at 2019. Roughly flat around 0.45-0.50 - pensions broadly keep pace with earnings but no clear improvement. Values are the SILC ratio (reported as decimal, i.e. 0.48 = 48%).",
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_pnp3 (sex T, PC)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_pnp3",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 0.45
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 0.45
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 0.46
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 0.47
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 0.48
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 0.49
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 0.48
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 0.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 0.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 0.47
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 0.47
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 0.49
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 0.47
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 0.48
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 0.48
    },
    {
     "y": 2025,
     "v": 0.48
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "min_wage_real",
   "label": "Salaire minimum réel (plancher légal)",
   "unit": "€ réels/mois",
   "good": 1,
   "real": true,
   "note": "REAL: computed by me = nominal min wage (S1 value in effect at start of each year) / (HICP/100), constant 2015 prices. Belgium's 'minimum wage' is the RMMMG (guaranteed average monthly minimum income, national interprofessional agreement), auto-indexed to inflation - hence it is broadly FLAT in real terms (~1450-1550) with an inflation-erosion dip in 2022 and recovery after the April 2022 structural increase (visible from 2023 in S1 terms). I used the S1 (start-of-year) value; using S2 would shift the 2022 reform one year earlier. Nominal available 1999-2026. n=27.",
   "source": "Eurostat earn_mw_cur (currency EUR, S1 value each year) deflated by Eurostat HICP prc_hicp_aind (2015=100)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/earn_mw_cur",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 1471
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 1462
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 1456
    },
    {
     "y": 2002,
     "v": 1462
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 1469
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 1471
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 1464
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 1459
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 1462
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 1456
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 1542
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 1507
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 1487
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 1478
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 1519
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 1511
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 1502
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 1476
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 1473
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 1468
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 1479
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 1473
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 1456
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 1345
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 1551
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 1516
    },
    {
     "y": 2025,
     "v": 1528
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "arop_60",
   "label": "Taux de pauvreté (AROP 60 %)",
   "unit": "%",
   "good": -1,
   "real": false,
   "note": "Percentage rate; real/nominal not applicable (real=false is a placeholder, not 'nominal money'). n=30. MAJOR BREAK: 1995-2001 from ECHP survey (values rounded to whole %); 2003+ from EU-SILC (b flag at 2003). Additional break flag at 2019 (b, SILC methodology revision). 2002 missing (survey gap). Not fully comparable across the 2001->2003 ECHP/SILC junction. Note: it is a relative poverty line (60% of contemporaneous median), so it moves with distribution shape, not absolute living standards.",
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_li02 (rskpovth B_60, MED_EI, TOTAL, T)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_li02",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1995,
     "v": 16
    },
    {
     "y": 1996,
     "v": 15
    },
    {
     "y": 1997,
     "v": 14
    },
    {
     "y": 1998,
     "v": 14
    },
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 13
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 13
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 13
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 15.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 14.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 14.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 14.7
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 15.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 14.7
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 14.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 14.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 15.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 15.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 15.1
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 15.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 14.9
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 15.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 15.9
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 16.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 14.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 14.1
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 12.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 13.1
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 12.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 11.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2025,
     "v": 10.9
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "arope",
   "label": "Pauvreté ou exclusion sociale (AROPE)",
   "unit": "%",
   "good": -1,
   "real": false,
   "note": "Percentage rate; real not applicable. DEFINITION BREAK at 2015/2021: 2003-2014 points use the OLD AROPE definition (ilc_peps01); 2015-2025 points use the NEW post-2021 AROPE definition (ilc_peps01n, revised severe-material-and-social-deprivation and low-work-intensity components). The two segments are NOT strictly comparable across 2014->2015. 2019 carries a break flag (b) in the source. n=23.",
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_peps01 (2003-2014, old definition) + ilc_peps01n (2015-2025, 2021 revised definition)",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_peps01",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 23.4
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 21.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 22.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 21.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 21.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 20.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 20.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 20.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 21
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 21.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 20.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 21.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 21.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 22.2
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 22
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 20.5
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 20.1
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 20.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 19
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 18.6
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 18.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2024,
     "v": 18.3
    },
    {
     "y": 2025,
     "v": 16.5
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "life_expectancy",
   "label": "Espérance de vie à la naissance",
   "unit": "ans",
   "good": 1,
   "real": false,
   "note": "Years; real not applicable. FULL 1990-2023 coverage (n=34), the only true 1990-start series here. Secondary source (OWID aggregator); Eurostat demo_mlexpec would give the primary EU figure if strict provenance needed. Clear +6 years gain 1990->2023 with a visible 2020 COVID dip (-1.0 yr) and rebound. Values rounded to 2 decimals.",
   "source": "OWID life-expectancy (underlying: HMD 2025 / UN WPP 2024 / Zijdeman; secondary aggregator)",
   "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1990,
     "v": 76.06
    },
    {
     "y": 1991,
     "v": 76.2
    },
    {
     "y": 1992,
     "v": 76.36
    },
    {
     "y": 1993,
     "v": 76.36
    },
    {
     "y": 1994,
     "v": 76.72
    },
    {
     "y": 1995,
     "v": 76.84
    },
    {
     "y": 1996,
     "v": 77.18
    },
    {
     "y": 1997,
     "v": 77.4
    },
    {
     "y": 1998,
     "v": 77.48
    },
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 77.65
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 77.77
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 78.08
    },
    {
     "y": 2002,
     "v": 78.17
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 78.32
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 78.96
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 79.05
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 79.39
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 79.53
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 79.58
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 79.85
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 80.04
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 80.37
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 80.26
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 80.47
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 81.08
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 80.89
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 81.26
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 81.36
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 81.48
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 81.84
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 80.8
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 81.66
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 81.16
    },
    {
     "y": 2023,
     "v": 82.12
    }
   ]
  },
  {
   "key": "co2_pc",
   "label": "Émissions de CO₂ par habitant",
   "unit": "t/hab",
   "good": -1,
   "real": true,
   "note": "Plus bas = mieux.",
   "source": "World Bank EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5",
   "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5",
   "points": [
    {
     "y": 1990,
     "v": 11.6194738857627
    },
    {
     "y": 1991,
     "v": 11.9680611277781
    },
    {
     "y": 1992,
     "v": 11.7086759610949
    },
    {
     "y": 1993,
     "v": 11.4730018171496
    },
    {
     "y": 1994,
     "v": 12.0636308087615
    },
    {
     "y": 1995,
     "v": 12.0655697339134
    },
    {
     "y": 1996,
     "v": 12.5344048428628
    },
    {
     "y": 1997,
     "v": 12.2128973421227
    },
    {
     "y": 1998,
     "v": 12.4775458374628
    },
    {
     "y": 1999,
     "v": 12.0249522340127
    },
    {
     "y": 2000,
     "v": 12.1836556517498
    },
    {
     "y": 2001,
     "v": 12.225212096938
    },
    {
     "y": 2002,
     "v": 11.4676730426502
    },
    {
     "y": 2003,
     "v": 11.8899015654483
    },
    {
     "y": 2004,
     "v": 11.7049703885478
    },
    {
     "y": 2005,
     "v": 11.3572144110239
    },
    {
     "y": 2006,
     "v": 11.0047176903814
    },
    {
     "y": 2007,
     "v": 10.6264716677489
    },
    {
     "y": 2008,
     "v": 10.6675992553856
    },
    {
     "y": 2009,
     "v": 9.93765290266015
    },
    {
     "y": 2010,
     "v": 10.5458393885377
    },
    {
     "y": 2011,
     "v": 9.46659728377578
    },
    {
     "y": 2012,
     "v": 9.27476642514783
    },
    {
     "y": 2013,
     "v": 9.35170659157785
    },
    {
     "y": 2014,
     "v": 8.72331187181937
    },
    {
     "y": 2015,
     "v": 9.08415110044211
    },
    {
     "y": 2016,
     "v": 8.94429666461985
    },
    {
     "y": 2017,
     "v": 8.77081443615992
    },
    {
     "y": 2018,
     "v": 8.79128601300038
    },
    {
     "y": 2019,
     "v": 8.73127988733552
    },
    {
     "y": 2020,
     "v": 7.96694296814415
    },
    {
     "y": 2021,
     "v": 8.2875698190821
    },
    {
     "y": 2022,
     "v": 7.6776616173853
    }
   ]
  }
 ],
 "table": [
  {
   "key": "gdp_pc",
   "label": "PIB par habitant réel",
   "unit": "USD 2015",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 1990,
   "early_value": 29610,
   "late_year": 2024,
   "late_value": 45020,
   "real": true,
   "source": "Banque mondiale NY.GDP.PCAP.KD",
   "note": "Corrigé de l'inflation (USD constants).",
   "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.PCAP.KD",
   "group": "Niveau de vie & pouvoir d'achat",
   "rate": false,
   "delta": 15410,
   "pct": 52.0,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "median_income_real",
   "label": "Revenu médian réel des ménages",
   "unit": "€ réels",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 1996,
   "early_value": 20022,
   "late_year": 2025,
   "late_value": 23101,
   "real": true,
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_di03 (MED_EI, EUR, nominal) deflated by Eurostat HICP prc_hicp_aind (CP00, INX_A_AVG, 2015=100)",
   "note": "Revenu disponible équivalisé médian, déflaté par l'HICP (prix à la consommation harmonisés).",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_di03",
   "group": "Niveau de vie & pouvoir d'achat",
   "rate": false,
   "delta": 3079,
   "pct": 15.4,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "pension_oldage_exp_real",
   "label": "Dépense de pensions vieillesse (réelle, /hab)",
   "unit": "€ réels/hab",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 1995,
   "early_value": 2190.05,
   "late_year": 2023,
   "late_value": 3669.3,
   "real": true,
   "source": "Eurostat spr_exp_pens (ESSPROS; spdepb OLD, spdepm TOTAL, unit EUR_HAB_KP15)",
   "note": "Dépense ESSPROS « vieillesse » par habitant (population TOTALE), déflatée. Ce n'est PAS la pension moyenne d'un retraité : le vieillissement (65+ : ≈ 16 % → 20 % de la population) explique une bonne part de la hausse. Rapportée aux seuls 65 ans et +, la hausse réelle est d'environ +32 %.",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/spr_exp_pens",
   "group": "Protection sociale & pensions",
   "rate": false,
   "delta": 1479.25,
   "pct": 67.5,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "pension_replacement_ratio",
   "label": "Taux de remplacement des pensions",
   "unit": "ratio",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 2010,
   "early_value": 0.45,
   "late_year": 2025,
   "late_value": 0.48,
   "real": false,
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_pnp3 (sex T, PC)",
   "note": "Pension médiane des 65-74 ans rapportée au revenu d'activité médian des 55-64 ans (ilc_pnp3). Série quasi stable (0,45-0,50), rupture en 2019 — la légère hausse est dans la marge de bruit.",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_pnp3",
   "group": "Protection sociale & pensions",
   "rate": true,
   "delta": 0.03,
   "pct": 6.7,
   "verdict": "flat"
  },
  {
   "key": "socprot_total_exp_real",
   "label": "Prestations sociales totales (réelles/hab)",
   "unit": "€ réels/hab",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 1995,
   "early_value": 7748.6,
   "late_year": 2024,
   "late_value": 11363.51,
   "real": true,
   "source": "Eurostat spr_exp_func (ESSPROS; spfunc TOTAL, unit EUR_HAB_KP15)",
   "note": "Ensemble des prestations de protection sociale par habitant, déflatées.",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/spr_exp_func",
   "group": "Protection sociale & pensions",
   "rate": false,
   "delta": 3614.91,
   "pct": 46.7,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "alloc_chomage_net_reel",
   "label": "Allocation de chômage nette (réelle, isolé, début de droit)",
   "unit": "€ réels/mois",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 2001,
   "early_value": 1610.7,
   "late_year": 2025,
   "late_value": 1915.9,
   "real": true,
   "source": "OCDE TaxBEN (taux de remplacement net, isolé, 2e mois) × OCDE Taxing Wages (revenu net), déflaté HICP Eurostat — montant modélisé",
   "note": "Montant NET mensuel de l'allocation de chômage en DÉBUT de droit (2e mois), personne isolée, salaire antérieur = salaire moyen (quasi identique au profil « salaire modeste » : plafond salarial belge). Montant MODÉLISÉ par l'OCDE selon la législation de chaque année, en € constants 2025. Réserves : possible rupture de modèle OCDE 2018→2019 ; recul depuis le pic de 2019 ; la dégressivité belge réduit nettement l'allocation après 12-24 mois de chômage.",
   "url": "https://www.oecd.org/en/data/tools/tax-benefit-web-calculator.html",
   "group": "Protection sociale & pensions",
   "rate": false,
   "delta": 305.2,
   "pct": 18.9,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "ris",
   "label": "Revenu d'integration sociale (RIS, isole, reel)",
   "unit": "EUR2015/an",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 2002,
   "early_value": 8983,
   "late_year": 2024,
   "late_value": 11525,
   "real": true,
   "source": "OECD TaxBEN 'Adequacy of minimum income benefits' (OECD.ELS.JAI,DSD_TAXBEN_IA@DF_IA), HOUSEHOLD_TYPE S_C0 (personne isolee, sans enfant), HOUSE_BENEFIT NO, UNIT_MEASURE XDC (revenu net annuel en monnaie nationale), geo BEL; deflate par HICP belge Eurostat prc_hicp_aind. Extrait 2026-07-12",
   "note": "Revenu net annuel d'un beneficiaire isole du revenu minimum garanti (assimilable au RIS/ex-minimex), modele tax-benefit OCDE. Nominal EUR: 7004/an (2002) -> 15158/an (2024). Deflate HICP (base 2015): 8983 -> 11525 EUR2015/an, soit +28.3% en reel. En % du revenu median disponible (mesure d'adequation OCDE, directement fournie): 40% (2002) -> 44% (2024), soit +4 pts. 2001 disponible mais en francs belges (266352 BEF), non compare. La deflation est un calcul de l'agent; les montants nominaux, le % du median et l'IPC proviennent directement des sources.",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/prc_hicp_aind",
   "group": "Protection sociale & pensions",
   "rate": false,
   "delta": 2542,
   "pct": 28.3,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "arop_60",
   "label": "Taux de pauvreté (AROP 60 %)",
   "unit": "%",
   "good": -1,
   "early_year": 2004,
   "early_value": 14.3,
   "late_year": 2025,
   "late_value": 10.9,
   "real": false,
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_li02 (rskpovth B_60, MED_EI, TOTAL, T)",
   "note": "Sous 60 % du revenu médian. Plus bas = mieux. Rupture d'enquête ECHP→SILC en 2003 : le verdict démarre en 2004, sur la série comparable.",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_li02",
   "group": "Pauvreté & emploi",
   "rate": true,
   "delta": -3.4,
   "pct": -23.8,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "arope",
   "label": "Pauvreté ou exclusion sociale (AROPE)",
   "unit": "%",
   "good": -1,
   "early_year": 2015,
   "early_value": 21.6,
   "late_year": 2025,
   "late_value": 16.5,
   "real": false,
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_peps01 (2003-2014, old definition) + ilc_peps01n (2015-2025, 2021 revised definition)",
   "note": "Indicateur composite UE 2030. Plus bas = mieux. Rupture de définition 2014→2015 : le verdict démarre en 2015, à définition constante (−5,1 pts depuis).",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_peps01",
   "group": "Pauvreté & emploi",
   "rate": true,
   "delta": -5.1,
   "pct": -23.6,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "deprivation",
   "label": "Taux de privation materielle severe",
   "unit": "%",
   "good": -1,
   "early_year": 2003,
   "early_value": 4.5,
   "late_year": 2020,
   "late_value": 4,
   "real": false,
   "source": "Eurostat ilc_mddd11 (unit PC, age TOTAL, sex T), geo BE, extrait 2026-07-12",
   "note": "Série ilc_mddd11 ARRÊTÉE en 2020. Départ 2003 = première année disponible (re-vérifié à la source 2026-07-13 : 2003=4,5 ; 2004=4,7 ; 2005=6,5). Quasi stable sur la période (4,5 → 4,0). Successeur : privation matérielle ET sociale sévère (définition élargie), 4,9 % en 2025.",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/ilc_mddd11",
   "group": "Pauvreté & emploi",
   "rate": true,
   "delta": -0.5,
   "pct": -11.1,
   "verdict": "flat"
  },
  {
   "key": "unemployment",
   "label": "Taux de chomage",
   "unit": "%",
   "good": -1,
   "early_year": 1991,
   "early_value": 6.98,
   "late_year": 2024,
   "late_value": 5.7,
   "real": false,
   "source": "World Bank SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS (BEL), estimation modelisee OIT, extrait 2026-07-12",
   "note": "% de la population active au chomage (estimation modelisee OIT). 6.98% (1991, premiere annee disponible) -> 5.7% (2024). 2025=5.9%. Pas de donnee avant 1991 dans cette serie.",
   "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS",
   "group": "Pauvreté & emploi",
   "rate": true,
   "delta": -1.28,
   "pct": -18.4,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "life_expectancy",
   "label": "Espérance de vie à la naissance",
   "unit": "ans",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 1990,
   "early_value": 76.06,
   "late_year": 2023,
   "late_value": 82.12,
   "real": false,
   "source": "OWID life-expectancy (underlying: HMD 2025 / UN WPP 2024 / Zijdeman; secondary aggregator)",
   "note": "Années de vie moyennes attendues.",
   "url": "https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/life-expectancy",
   "group": "Santé & environnement",
   "rate": true,
   "delta": 6.06,
   "pct": 8.0,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "co2_pc",
   "label": "Émissions de CO₂ par habitant",
   "unit": "t/hab",
   "good": -1,
   "early_year": 1990,
   "early_value": 11.6,
   "late_year": 2022,
   "late_value": 7.7,
   "real": true,
   "source": "Banque mondiale",
   "note": "Plus bas = mieux.",
   "url": "https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.GHG.CO2.PC.CE.AR5",
   "group": "Santé & environnement",
   "rate": false,
   "delta": -3.9,
   "pct": -33.6,
   "verdict": "up"
  },
  {
   "key": "tertiary",
   "label": "Part des 25-64 ans diplomes du superieur",
   "unit": "%",
   "good": 1,
   "early_year": 1992,
   "early_value": 20.7,
   "late_year": 2025,
   "late_value": 47.5,
   "real": false,
   "source": "Eurostat edat_lfse_03 (isced11 ED5-8, age Y25-64, sex T, unit PC), geo BE, extrait 2026-07-12",
   "note": "Part des 25-64 ans avec education tertiaire (CITE 5-8). Forte hausse: 20.7% (1992, premiere annee) -> 47.5% (2025). Ruptures de serie 'b' en 2008/2014/2017/2021 (changements methodologiques EFT).",
   "url": "https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/product/view/edat_lfse_03",
   "group": "Éducation",
   "rate": true,
   "delta": 26.8,
   "pct": 129.5,
   "verdict": "up"
  }
 ]
}